低分子肝素在复发性流产:低分子肝素在血栓前状况复发性天然流产患者中的临床使用

来源: 2018-10-13 05:46

陈欣 付帅 孟丽丽等

[摘要] 意图 评论低分子肝素医治存在血栓前状况的复发性天然流产(RSA)患者的效果。 办法 回忆性剖析2004~2007年在本院就诊的RSA患者203例,经体系的流产病因学查看,存在血栓前状况,扫除运用低分子肝素禁忌证,于惯例安胎医治弥补黄体酮、叶酸、维生素E的根底上,联合低分子肝素医治。追寻妊娠结局,记载用药不良反响。 成果 RSA孕妈妈中低分子肝素医治前后,ACA阳性率、纤溶反常发作率分别为26.6%、56.7%和3.0%、25.1%,差异有计算学含义(P<0.05)。低分子肝素医治RSA后,足月活产率为81.4%,早产活产率为9.0%,流产率仅为9.6%。4例在孕期用药进程中呈现少数阴道出血,1例患者呈现少数牙龈出血,没有孕妈妈因为阴道出血事情停药。3例孕妈妈用药后呈现肝酶升高,但程度均较轻,最高AST为156 U。无皮疹、过敏、腹泻、厌恶、吐逆、头痛等不良反响。 定论 低分子肝素能够显着改进血栓前状况目标,包含ACA、纤溶及aβ2GP1。低分子肝素能够有用医治RSA,改进妊娠结局,进步RSA妇女妊娠成功率。低分子肝素在妊娠期运用不良反响少,做好监测,可于孕期安全运用。

[关键词] 低分子肝素;复发性流产;血栓前状况

[中图分类号] R714.21 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2014)11(c)-0077-04

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of low molecular weight heparin(LMWH)in the treatment of patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion(RSA)and prethrombotic state. Methods The data of 203 patients with RSA in our hospital from 2004 to 2007 were retrospectively analysed.The system examination was used in all patients with prethrombotic state,without contraindications of low molecular heparin.LMWH treatment on the basis of regular therapy like progesterone,folic acid and vitamin E were applied in all patients.Pregnancy outcomes were tracked and drug adverse reactions were recorded. Results Before and after treatment of LMWH,the ACA positive rate was 26.6% and 3.0% respectively,incidence rate of fibrinolytic abnormality was 56.7% and 25.1% respectively,with statistical difference(P<0.05).After treatment of LMWH,full-term live-birth rate was 81.4%,the premature live-birth rate was 9.0%,the abortion rate was only 9.6%.4 cases appeared a little vaginal bleeding in the process of drug using,1 case with bleeding gums,not interrupt for these reasons.3 cases with mild elevated liver enzymes(highest AST=156 U).No rash,allergies,diarrhea,nausea,vomiting,headache and other adverse reactions. Conclusion LMWH can significantly improve indicators of prethrombotic state including ACA,fibrinolytic and aβ2GP1.LMWH can effectively treatment of RSA,improve the pregnancy outcome of RSA patients,improve the success rate of pregnancy in women with RSA.LMWH has little adverse reactions during pregnancy,do a good job monitoring,can be safely applied in pregnancy.

[Key words] Low molecular weight heparin;Recurrent spontaneous abortion;Prethrombotic state

血栓前状况界说为多种要素导致凝血、抗凝及纤溶功用失调或妨碍的病理进程,有易导致血栓构成的多种血液学改动,又称为血液高凝状况或易栓症,可分为遗传性和获得性两大类。前者是因为凝血和纤溶相关的基因骤变构成,大大都带着骤变基因的患者因没有临床体现得不到确诊,但当此类患者接受到额定的露出要素如妊娠、口服避孕药后,血栓构成的风险添加,可能体现一些临床症状如前期重复流产、胎儿宫内成长受限、子痫、胎盘早剥等[1-2]。后者首要包含抗磷脂抗体综合征(antiphospholipid syndrome,APS)、获得性高同型半胱氨酸血症以及机体存在各种引起血液高凝状况的疾病等。血栓前状况引起天然流产的机制,现在研讨较多的是APS,已断定其与早、中期妊娠胎儿丢掉有关。本文首要研讨低分子肝素(low molecular weight heparin,LMWH)医治存在血栓前状况的复发性天然流产(recurrent spontaneous abortion,RSA)患者的效果。

1 材料与办法

1.1 一般材料

回忆性剖析2004年1月~2007年12月在本院就诊的RSA患者203例,年纪21~44岁,均匀30.7岁,流产2~7次,均匀2.5次,就诊时为妊娠状况,经体系的流产病因学查看,扫除感染、内排泄、生殖道解剖反常及配偶染色体反常。查看存在下述血栓前状况:抗心磷脂抗体(ACA)阳性,抗β2糖蛋白抗体1(aβ2GP1)≥20 U/ml,纤溶反常(包含FDP、D-二聚体、3P试验中一项或多项反常)或不明原因流产。扫除运用LMWH禁忌证,如血友病、急性细菌性心内膜炎、大出血、血小板削减症、活动性消化体系溃疡、肝肾功用不全等。

1.2 研讨办法

一切患者自尿妊娠试验断定妊娠起住院,在惯例安胎医治如弥补黄体酮、叶酸、维生素E的根底上,联合低分子肝素钙打针液(葛兰素史克,批号:11115179)医治,保持用量为5000 U,皮下打针,2次/d,至孕14周或各项凝血/纤溶目标转阴停药,部分患者目标继续阳性可延长运用时限或加大用量,最长用至中止妊娠前24 h停药。

1.3 调查项目

调查选用LMWH医治前后ACA阳性率、aβ2GP1反常发作率、纤溶反常发作率的改动。

1.4 鉴定规范

ACA三项(IgA、IgM、IgG)中任一项阳性即判为ACA阳性;aβ2GP1≥20 U/ml判为反常;纤溶三项(FDP、D-二聚体、3P试验)中任一项或多项超出参考值规模即判为纤溶反常。

1.5 计算学处理

选用SPSS 13.0计算软件对数据进行处理,计数材料选用χ2查验,以P<0.05为差异有计算学含义。

2 成果

2.2 妊娠结局

203例患者中,188例随访至临产,失访率7.4%。失访首要原因是患者来自广东省之外的其他省份,安胎成功后回来当地临产,加之联系方式改动,无法追寻。188例患者中,足月活产率为81.4%(153/188),早产活产率为9.0%(17/188),流产率9.6%(18/188)。170例活产孕妈妈中有5例双胎及1例三胎,活产新生儿例数为177例。新生儿均匀出世体重(3.24±0.68) kg,胎龄(38.0±1.8)周,Apgar评分8~10分者合计159例,新生儿窒息(Apgar评分≤7分)共18例。

2.3 孕期并发症发作状况

203例孕妈妈中,胎膜早破15例(7.4%),妊娠期糖尿病8例(3.9%),GDM反常3例(1.5%),妊娠期高血压疾病2例(0.98%),FGR 7例(3.4%),巨大儿3例(1.5%),羊水过多2例(0.98%),羊水过少或偏少9例(4.4%),前置胎盘5例(2.5%),胎盘部分植入2例(0.98%)。

2.4 药物不良反响

2.4.1 出血事情 49例孕妈妈入院时有少数阴道流血或血性排泄物,经阴道查看扫除宫颈及阴道病变出血。低分子肝素医治期间,阴道出血量无显着添加,在联合运用止血药物后出血量渐削减或中止出血。入院时无阴道出血的孕妈妈,4例在用药进程中呈现阴道出血,量少或仅为少数血性排泄物,没有孕妈妈因为阴道出血事情停药。1例患者呈现少数牙龈出血。大都患者呈现打针部位皮肤瘀点、瘀斑,无一例皮下血肿或皮肤坏死。未发作血小板削减。

2.4.2 肝脏功用 9例孕妈妈用药前查看肝功用,存在肝酶轻度升高,用药期间复查肝酶无显着升高,在对症运用护肝药物之后肝酶下降。3例孕妈妈用药后,呈现肝酶升高,但程度均较轻,最高AST为156 U。

2.4.3 其他 没有调查到皮疹及其他变态反响,无腹泻、厌恶、吐逆、头痛等不良反响。

3 评论

3.1 血栓前状况与天然流产

ACA是导致APS的重要原因。研讨证明,ACA与RSA存在密切联系。谈蕴珏等[3]研讨标明,有>2次天然流产史的妇女,其血清ACA抗体浓度显着高于正常妇女组及不孕妈妈女组。对ACA阳性妇女的流产后胎盘行病理查看发现,胎盘有必定梗死,镜下可见蜕膜血管病变及纤维素样坏死等病理改动,以为ACA导致RSA的病理生理根底首要是ACA引起的蜕膜血管病变及胎盘血管内广泛血栓构成[4-5]。本研讨显现,RSA患者ACA阳性率到达26.6%。

aβ2GP1是以β2GP1这种磷脂结合蛋白为靶抗原的一种抗磷脂抗体,是导致APS的首要抗体。aβ2GP1与β2GP1的结合,增强了β2GP1与磷脂外表结合才能,促进磷脂抗原位点的露出及与ACA的结合,竞争性拮抗活化蛋白C的结合,构成后天的活化蛋白C反抗,搅扰蛋白C对FⅤa的灭活[6]。体外试验发现,aβ2GP1可活化内皮细胞,促进内皮危害及血栓构成[7-8];与血小板结兼并活化血小板[9]。Zammiti等[10]对200例RSA妇女与200例正常对照妇女测定aβ2GP1,以为aβ2GP1可作为RSA的独立相关风险要素。本组材料显现RSA患者aβ2GP1反常发作率为6.4%。

纤溶是血栓构成后的一种代偿性调理机制。Sarig等[11]研讨标明,在存在血栓前状况、PC反抗和PS下降时,D-二聚体显着升高。在RSA患者中,一般存在血液高凝状况伴局限性纤溶亢进。纤维蛋白降解产品FDP、D-二聚体作为纤溶体系激活的分子标志物,反映的血栓前状况标明已发作轻度凝血-纤溶反响的病理改动,其可作为确诊血栓前状况较特异的目标。在本组材猜中,纤溶反常的发作率到达56.7%。

3.2 LMWH的医治效果

LMWH是由一般肝素经过酶或化学解聚发作的小分子片段产品,因为其生物利费用高,副效果小,自20世纪80年代面世以来,已作为经典的抗凝抗栓药物运用于临床,如心血管内科、整形、矫形外科,在血栓性疾病的防备及医治中发挥重要效果。

在产科,肝素可用于多种妊娠兼并症、并发症的医治。跟着对RSA病因学的深入研讨,LMWH对RSA伴有血栓前状况的医治效果已得到认同[12-13]。

LMWH具有抗凝、抗栓效果,其效果的发挥首要经过按捺凝血酶Ⅱa和凝血因子Ⅹa的活性来完成。LMWH不能溶解已构成的血栓,但可经过抗凝而防备血栓滋长和复发,促进前期血栓的自溶[14]。

除抗凝、抗栓效果外,LMWH对ACA抗体的发作、活性的发挥也有显着影响。Rodney等[15]发现LMWH对ACA的活性具有剂量依赖性按捺效果。多项研讨材料标明,LMWH运用后患者具有较高的ACA转阴率[16]。在本研讨中,ACA阳性率也由医治前的26.6%下降至医治后的3.0%,机制尚不清晰。

LMWH尚能与包含β2GP1在内的许多蛋白结合,Halbmayer等[17]对56例屡次IVF失利患者进行研讨以为,LMWH对aβ2GP1具有断定的影响。本研讨中,运用LMWH医治后,aβ2GP1反常发作率下降。LMWH对aβ2GP1的详细效果机制没有清晰。

此外,运用LMWH医治后,纤溶反常的发作率显着下降,效果机制可能是LMWH按捺凝血体系的活化,避免纤溶酶原耗费性下降及FDP、D-二聚体的上升。

3.3 LMWH医治对妊娠结局的影响

研讨标明,未经医治的RSA妇女,其再次妊娠结局较差,活产率只要20%左右,而早孕期及早运用LMWH医治可显着进步活产率。

国内外多项研讨标明,运用LMWH医治RSA能够有用进步安胎成功率。Tzafettas等[18]对51例RSA孕妈妈运用LMWH医治,成功率达84.3%。Brenner等[12]对50例由血栓前状况引起的重复妊娠丢掉患者孕期运用LMWH,医治成功率为75%。在本组材猜中,RSA孕妈妈运用LMWH医治后,足月活产率为81.4%,早产活产率为9.0%,流产率仅为9.6%。新生儿体重均匀(3.24±0.68) kg,均匀胎龄(38.0±1.8)周。因为胎儿宝贵,大都RSA孕妈妈挑选择期方案临产,一般在38周左右中止妊娠。

3.4 LMWH用药安全性及副效果

LMWH为妊娠期FDA分类B类药物。对母体的不良效果首要是出血、血小板削减、变态反响及骨质疏松等,亦有文献报导LMWH致肝危害的病例。Greer等[19]对2777例妊娠期运用LMWH的孕妈妈总结安全性及有用性,出血事情发作率1.98%,皮肤变态反响发作率为1.85%,血小板削减发作率为0.11%(其间无肝素诱导的血小板削减),骨质疏松发作率为0.04%。

关于有阴道出血的孕妈妈,本研讨运用LMWH,调查发现药物的运用并不添加阴道出血量,在联合运用止血药物效果下,出血量渐削减。大都患者呈现打针部位皮下淤血、瘀斑,但不影响医治,亦未有孕妈妈因而停药,没有患者呈现皮下血肿。3例孕妈妈用药后呈现肝酶升高,但程度均较轻,且没有依据标明与该药物相关。没有调查到皮疹、其他变态反响以及腹泻、厌恶、吐逆、头痛等不良反响。为了防备LMWH导致骨质疏松,孕2个月可给予孕妈妈弥补钙剂。

对胎儿的影响方面,现在未发现肝素有致畸效果,LMWH不经过胎盘,不会添加胎儿出血事情的发作,别的LMWH不排泄于乳汁中,因而在妊娠期及哺乳期均可安全运用。

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(收稿日期:2014-10-09 本文修改:李亚聪)

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[11] Sarig G,Blumenfeld Z,Leiba R,et al.Modulation of systemic hemostatic parameters by enoxaparin during gestation in women with thrombophilia and pregnancy loss[J].Thromb Haemost,2005,94(5):980-985.

[12] Brenner B,Bar J,Ellis M,et al.Effects of enoxaparin on late pregnancy complications and neonatal outcome in women with recurrent pregnancy loss and thrombophilia:results from the Live-Enox study [J].Fertil Steril,2005,84(3):770-773.

[13] Carp H,Dolitzky M,Inbal A.Thromboprophylaxis improves the live birth rate in women with consecutive recurrent miscarriages and hereditary thrombophilia[J].J Thromb Ha- emost,2003,1(3):433-438.

[14] 深静脉血栓构成的防备座谈会纪要骨科大手术后深静脉血栓构成防备的专家建议[J].中华骨科杂志;2005, 25(10):636.

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[17] Halbmayer WM,Feichtinger W,Kindermann C,et al.Recurrent miscarriage or failed in-vitro fertilization:antibodies against annexin Ⅴ,cardiolipin,beta-2-glycoprotein-1 and APC-resistance [J].Hamostaseologie,2005,25(4):391-393.

[18] Tzafettas J,Petropoulos P,Psarra A,et al.Early antiplatelet and antithrombotic therapy in patients with a history of recurrent miscarriages of known and unknown aetiology[J].Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol,2005,120(1):22-26.

[19] Greer IA,Nelson-Piercy C.Low-molecular-weight heparins for thromboprophylaxis and treatment of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy:a systematic review of safety and efficacy[J].Blood,2005,106(2):401-407.

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[9] Singh Ak.Immunopathogenesis of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome:anupdate[J].Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens,2001,10(3):355-358.

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[11] Sarig G,Blumenfeld Z,Leiba R,et al.Modulation of systemic hemostatic parameters by enoxaparin during gestation in women with thrombophilia and pregnancy loss[J].Thromb Haemost,2005,94(5):980-985.

[12] Brenner B,Bar J,Ellis M,et al.Effects of enoxaparin on late pregnancy complications and neonatal outcome in women with recurrent pregnancy loss and thrombophilia:results from the Live-Enox study [J].Fertil Steril,2005,84(3):770-773.

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[14] 深静脉血栓构成的防备座谈会纪要骨科大手术后深静脉血栓构成防备的专家建议[J].中华骨科杂志;2005, 25(10):636.

[15] Rodney D,Black S,Kadyrov M,et al.Heparin and aspirin attenuate placental apoptosis in vitro:implication for early pregnancy failure[J].Am J Obstet and Gynecol,2005,19(2):23-30.

[16] 吴振兰,马淑青,潘淑洁.低分子肝素钙对重复妊娠丢掉伴抗磷脂抗体阳性孕妈妈医治的临床调查[J].我国优生与遗传杂志,2006,14(2):43-44.

[17] Halbmayer WM,Feichtinger W,Kindermann C,et al.Recurrent miscarriage or failed in-vitro fertilization:antibodies against annexin Ⅴ,cardiolipin,beta-2-glycoprotein-1 and APC-resistance [J].Hamostaseologie,2005,25(4):391-393.

[18] Tzafettas J,Petropoulos P,Psarra A,et al.Early antiplatelet and antithrombotic therapy in patients with a history of recurrent miscarriages of known and unknown aetiology[J].Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol,2005,120(1):22-26.

[19] Greer IA,Nelson-Piercy C.Low-molecular-weight heparins for thromboprophylaxis and treatment of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy:a systematic review of safety and efficacy[J].Blood,2005,106(2):401-407.

(收稿日期:2014-10-09 本文修改:李亚聪)

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